Breast Cancer Essay - 993 Words

Breast cancer’s a group of cells that are cancer cells called malignant. Malignant is a tumor, which starts in parts of the breast. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women but not as bad of a death for men. Males or females, are born with some breast cells and tissues that have the possibility to turn into cancer cells. (â€Å"Definition.†) Any type of cancer begins in the cells. The cells are the basic building blocks that’ll make the tissue. If the process of cell growth goes wrong then new cells will form with in the body. Whenever the cells form within the body it’s because the body no longer needs them cells because they’ve became old and damaged, and old and damaged cells won’t die. When the damaged cells won’t†¦show more content†¦(â€Å"Found.†) Their’s four phases to knowing what phase of breast cancer you have. Phase one is the lowest phase you’ll have if diagnosed with breas t cancer. Phase one is in the earliest detection of the breast cancer development. Phase two breast cancer is still at it’s earliest stage, but evidence shows that cancer is starting to spread. Cancer is still contained to the breast cancer area, and is needing treatment. Phase three breast cancer is advanced with evidence of the cancer that has invaded the surround tissues nearly at the breast. Phase four indicated that breast cancer has begun to spread through the entire breast then to other parts of the human body. (â€Å"Stages.†) Operating with a doctor to help guide your breast treatment plan is the key to understanding what you need to do while diagnosed with breast cancer. Determining what’s needed to improve a great relationship with your doctor is great because it’s good to be able to be open to your doctor and ask as many questions. Seeking a second opinion is recommended. Seeking a second opinion will insure you that you have breast cancer bec ause doctors aren’t always right and it’s better to make sure by having another opinion. The common form of treatment for any type of cancer is surgery. Surgery removes the tumor and near margins. Surgical options are lumpectomy, particle mastectomy, radical mastectomy, and reconstruction. (â€Å"Treatment.†) There’s numerous typesShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer And Cancer Prevention2347 Words   |  10 Pages INTRODUCTION Statistics indicate that breast cancer-related complications are among the top causes of death among women for over 23% of all women’s deaths in the world (Donepudi et al., 2014). The great cases of breast cancer are attributed to lack of information on and hard data on the disease, especially on early diagnosis and treatment options. In America, breast cancer is among the top causes of cancer-related deaths, and the mortality rate is relatively high as compared to the neighboring countriesRead MoreThe For Breast Cancer Action1612 Words   |  7 Pagesintention to give some part of the profit towards breast cancer causes. Ironically, the money made from this marketing will often not significantly benefit somebody with breast cancer. The pink ribbon was originally created by the Susan G Komen foundation yet anybody can use this symbol, because there is no intellectual copyright on it. Pinkwashing is term was first coined by the organization called breast cancer action, whose m ission is to â€Å"Breast Cancer Action’s mission is to achieve health justiceRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries canRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1346 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling at tention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of thisRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer946 Words   |  4 PagesSkylar Steinman Period 6 Ms. Jobsz 12 February , 2016 Breast Cancer It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die of breast cancer each year. Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutationRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1530 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer† is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of tissue or â€Å"malignant tumor†. Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or Metastasize . If the breast is the original location of the cancer gr owth or malignant tumor, the tumorRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages Internationally, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer related death amongst women. (CITE) Each year an estimated 1.7 million new cases are diagnosed worldwide, and more than 500,000 women will die of the disease. (CITE) According to (CITE), somewhere in the world one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer every 19 seconds and more than three women die of breast cancer every five minutes worldwide. (CITE) Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when aRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1471 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer Introduction to Breast cancer Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer only surpassed by lung cancer. It involves a cancerous tumour located inside the breast but spreads if treatment is not administered. (Evert et al 2011) Breast cancer can be treated if diagnosed in its early stages but becomes progressively more difficult upon reaching more advancing malignant stages. Breast cancer can be confused with being a female only disease however both sexes suffer. AccordingRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1921 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Cancer is a term that every individual on this planet wants to avoid hearing when they go to their yearly check up at the doctors. However, as person ages, they are prone to develop some sort of sickness and most of the time, they could develop cancer of some sort. For this research paper, I am going to go over breast cancer. Breast cancer is a well-known type of cancer with awareness events going on to support both women and men who has breast cancer. According to American Cancer Society

The Bahamas A Thriving Nation - 1296 Words

The Bahamas: A Thriving Nation The Bahamas is a thriving nation! The British controlled the Bahamas until it won its independence in 1973. (â€Å"Remembering Our Past† 2014) Bahaman culture is very diverse, with intriguing cuisine; many represented religions, interesting and familiar holidays, beautiful clothing, and much more. In the Bahamas the economy is steadily developing, it is dependent on tourism and offshore banking. Bahaman resources include salt, aragonite, and timber. (â€Å"Central America a Caribbean: Bahamas, The† 2014) The Bahamas is a vigorously growing and culturally changing nation. The Bahamas has a complicated history. Columbus discovered the Bahamas in 1492 when he landed in San Salvador on his journey westward. The British made the Bahamas a colony in the year 1649 nearly 157 years after Columbus landed in San Salvador. English Puritans were among the first to land and colonize the Bahamas on their quest for religious freedom. All the settlers fou nd was a lack of food. They where led by Captain William Sayles and known as the â€Å"Eleutheran Adventurers.† The captain of the Eleutheran Adventures sailed to Massachusetts Bay colony to get food; as a way of saying â€Å"thank you† the settlers sent the colony some brasileto wood, that the money from would help purchase the land for Harvard University. (â€Å"Remembering Our Past† 2014) In the 1600s through the early 1700s the Bahamas had many pirates and privateer. The most famous ones were Calico Jack and Blackbeard. TheShow MoreRelatedNew World Beginnings ( 33000 B.c1770 Words   |  8 Pagesagricultural villagers, but this process went forward slowly and unevenly Corn planting reached the present-day American Southwest by about 1200 B.C. and powerfully molded Pueblo culture. Along with corn, other crops began to be cultivated by the thriving tribes and cultures of the early Americas The cultivation of maize, as well as of high-yielding strains of beans and squash, reached the southeastern Atlantic seaboard region of North America about A.D. 1000. After maintaining a consistent foodRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Declaration Of Independence Essay2183 Words   |  9 Pagesgovernments and People vs the federal government, immutable liberties for Indigenous Americans, and abolition of slavery are issues among America’s earliest problems after the ratification of the declaration of independence in 1776. In 1776, The fledging nation was without a government so they enacted the Articles of Confederation, in 1781 – which gave states the right to legislate over themselves. For 10 years this system was imposed until the Constitution was finally drafted in 1787. The constitution wasRead MoreWorld Cultures : North And South America And Europe2266 Words   |  10 Pagesanywhere in the world, it would probably be the proud and independent island nation of Jamaica. The island-nation of Jamaica is the third largest island of the â€Å"Greater Antilles,† a collection of larger islands in the Caribbean Sea, which is a specifi c section of the North Atlantic Ocean of the Western Hemisphere, specifically off the east coast of the continent of North America. To the north, lie the countries of Cuba, the Bahamas, Crooked Island, Cat Island, Great Inagua, Nassau, Andrea, Key West, andRead MoreInternational Political Economy : Cuba s Economic Sanction2046 Words   |  9 Pagesor goods are allowed to be transported via a vessels to Cuba prior to the authorization of the OFAC. Some individuals have attempted to by pass the travel restrictions by going through a third country such as Mexico, Grand Cayman Island, Canada or Bahamas to avoid the direct flight from the US. Once in Cuba, they requested the Cuban custom authorities to not stamp their US passport in order to avoid any problems with the United States Customs once they return. This was an issue and since then has beenRead MoreAp Us History 52969 Words   |  12 Pagesa war to free the slaves, made living from factories and trade, wanted to higher taxes o n Europeans goods so Southerners would buy Northern products, and believed that the Union must be saved above all else. With these different views on what the nation should look like, they both came up with new strategies that would favor their side. They came up with defense mechanisms and plans that were supposed to be a help into their victory. Unfortunately, some of their plans and strategies failed whileRead MoreNative American Genocide5146 Words   |  21 Pagesof Expansion, Colonization, and Early U.S. an act of Genocide ? â€Å"To conquer a nation, one must first disarm its citizens.† - Adolf Hitler, 1933 Abiona Yemane US History Ms.Brown Section F Independent Research Project 4 June 2014 Introduction In August of 1492 Columbus set sail from Spain hoping to soon arrive in Asia, but a few months later he arrived in the Bahamas and claimed it as new land. He thought he had discovered a new land, but little did he know—Read MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pagessquare miles (83,600 square kilometers). The Seven Emirates vary greatly in size. Abu Dhabi represents 85% of the land, and the smallest Emirate is Ajman. Each Emirate is named after its capital city, and Abu Dhabi city is the permanent capital of the nation. B- Climate The UAE generally has a dry climate with very high temperature and humidity in the summer. The hottest months are July and August when average maximum temperatures reach above 40  Ã‚ °C on the coastal Plain. Average minimum temperaturesRead MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pagessquare miles (83,600 square kilometers). The Seven Emirates vary greatly in size. Abu Dhabi represents 85% of the land, and the smallest Emirate is Ajman. Each Emirate is named after its capital city, and Abu Dhabi city is the permanent capital of the nation. B- Climate The UAE generally has a dry climate with very high temperature and humidity in the summer. The hottest months are July and August when average maximum temperatures reach above 40  Ã‚ °C on the coastal Plain. Average minimum temperatures

Saussure and Derrida Free Essays

string(34) " process of aesthetic negativity\." A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; . . . We will write a custom essay sample on Saussure and Derrida or any similar topic only for you Order Now I shall call it semiology (from Greek semeion ‘sign’). Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be. . . . (Saussure, 1960:16) In this statement Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), the twentieth-century father of the science of signs, presents his theory about language and gives a Greek name. This enterprise has considerably affected most discussions about language and of interpretation since its inauguration. Saussure presents the linguistic system as the place of the sign. Signs don’t exist apart from a system. And it is every time a system of differences. Unavoidably, the theory of signs leads Saussure to the theory of language as system. Later, Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) discovers the logocentric dynamic in Saussure’s new theory. Referring to the father of structural linguistics and semiology, Derrida leads readers beyond Saussure toward a poststructuralist future. It is this logocentrism which, limiting the internal system of language in general by a bad abstraction, prevents Saussure and the majority of his successors from determining fully and explicitly that which is called ‘the integral and concrete object of linguistics† (Cours 23). Both Ferdinand de Saussure – father of 20th-century linguistics and Jacques Derrida – founder of deconstruction made profound impact upon language theory; their ideas laid the basis for considerable development s in linguistics in the 20th century. Saussure on Language In itself, thought is like a swirling cloud, where no shape is intrinsically determinate. No ideas are established in advance, and nothing is distinct, before the introduction of linguistic structure. [†¦] Just as it is impossible to take a pair of scissors and cut one side of paper without at the same time cutting the other, so it is impossible in a language to isolate sound from thought, or thought from sound. To separate the two for theoretical purposes takes us into either pure psychology or pure phonetics, not linguistics. Linguistics, then, operates along this margin, where sound and thought meet. The contact between them gives rise to a form, not a substance (Cours 155-7). This impressive statement from the posthumously published Cours de linguistique generale of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) introduces readers in what was later called as a ‘Copernican revolution’ in Western thought relating to language. Why ‘Copernican’? Because just as Copernicus had asserted that the Earth revolved around the Sun, instead of the Sun revolving around the Earth, Saussure asserts something similar on the subject of language. His theory claimed that languages are the instruments that give human beings opportunity to achieve a rational understanding of the world in which they live. Rather than considering words as mere addition to human comprehension of reality, Saussure considered comprehension of reality as depending substantially upon human use of the verbal signs that form the language people use. Language is not secondary but, quite the reverse, central to human life. As a result, human life is linguistically constructed life. Saussure’s theory goes far beyond the traditional theory of language as something communicated. It also goes beyond Locke’s theory of words as symbols that stand for ideas. Many linguistic philosophers had claimed that without language human reason would be lacking its principal instrument of transformation ideas into words. But Saussure’s theory goes further and deeper. Saussure indicates the phonetic and conceptual aspects of language. Linguistics was for Saussure only one subdivision of a relating to various branches science of signs that he proposed to call ‘semiology’ (semiologie). Each branch of semiology had a theory of the signs which it studied. Consequently, linguistics would need a theory of the linguistic sign, the fundamental unit of langue. Such a theory of language Saussure proceeds to offer. As his paper-cutting analogy shows, he deals with the linguistic sign as a unit determined merely by its form. Its form has two facets, or ‘opposite sides’. The Saussurean technical identifications for these two facets of the sign are signifiant and signifie (the ‘signifying’ plane and the ‘signified’ plane) (Matthews 21). Every langue includes semiological system of bi-planar signs. Each sign has its signifiant and its signifie. Despite the fact that each plane may, for convenience, be analyzed one by one, no linguistic sign can be determined without considering both planes that are equally important. The published in 1916 text of the Cours faithfully reflects Saussure’s theory about language. That text became the subsequent chapter in the history of ideas about language theory. The text became a cornerstone of modern linguistic theory, as well as the public declaration of a more general intellectual movement of the 20th century that had effect on such diverse disciplines as psychology, social anthropology and literary criticism. This all-round movement is today known as ‘structuralism’. The whole question that the Saussurean theory of linguistic structure gives rise is this: ‘If our langue is a structure, then a structure of what exactly? ‘ (Matthews 69) Saussure’s answer to this question is problematic. He identified langue as being at the same time a structure of the mental operations of the human beings, and also a structure of the communicational processes by means of which human beings perform their roles as a cultural constitution. So langue is finally supra-individual in the relation that it is placed in society and depends for its existence on cultural relations; yet it assumes in each individual the power of an internally created system of linguistic signs. More exactly, langue, Saussure claims, ‘is never complete in any single individual, but exists perfectly only in the collectivity’ (Cours 30). Derrida’s Theory of Language The theory of language to which Derrida wants to turn attention is connected with the method linguistic meaning is produced. More exactly, the method what there is of linguistic meaning and nonmeaning in their interconnection is presented. Derrida, in his theory of deconstruction, presents the same structure for both the process of nonaesthetic negativity and the process of aesthetic negativity. You read "Saussure and Derrida" in category "Papers" â€Å"Deconstruction† is connected with an analysis of the theory of language that, similar to the process of aesthetic negativity, discovers within this theory the seeds of its own downfall. Derrida presents a theory of meaning that reflects the idea of the â€Å"iterability† of signs and what he calls their â€Å"supplementary† status. Jonathan Culler summarized Derrida’s central idea in this regard in the following way: Our earlier formula, â€Å"meaning is context-bound, but context is boundless,† helps us recall why both projects fail: meaning is context-bound, so intentions do not in fact suffice to determine meaning; context must be mobilized. But context is boundless, so accounts of context never provide full determinations of meaning. Against any set of formulations, one can imagine further possibilities of context, including the expansion of context produced by reinscription within a context of the description of it (Menke 96). Considering Culler’s interpretation, Derrida’s thesis of the uncircumventable proclivity of language for crisis is based on the difference between what one expects context to offer and what it can really do, when correctly viewed. The nonetheless inevitable recourse to context in the determination of meaning thus results in a crisis for every attempt to comprehend language. What is supposed to generate definitiveness is itself unlimited and thus the source of unmanaged difference. Derrida’s general thesis thus is based on the idea that the understanding of the meaning of signs can only function in a context-bound way. At the same time that contexts cannot define the meaning of signs since they are themselves boundless. The boundlessness that meaning opens itself to in its context-boundedness is in no way eo ipso the boundlessness of a difference that is inconsistent with any identity of meaning (Menke 90). Derrida himself realizes his argument that a â€Å"thousand possibilities will always remain open even if one understands something in this phrase that makes sense† (Menke 96) in an equivocal fashion. On the one hand this idea means: every sign can function in different and boundlessly many contexts. This is precisely what determines the iterability of signs: their reusability in contexts that are not actually those in which they were first placed. The usability of signs in boundlessly many contexts in itself, though, in no way is opposite to the definitiveness of its use and meaning as determined by rules of language. Although one might note, with Derrida, that the deconstruction of logocentrism is a search for â€Å"the other of language† (Derrida 1984, 123), this does not contribute to the statement that deconstruction is originally concerned with a linguistic theory. This is first and foremost the question of the concrete instance, of â€Å"the other, which is beyond language† (Derrida 1984,123). Far, then, from being a philosophy that according to its critics, states that there is nothing beyond language and that one is confined within language, deconstruction can be considered as a response. â€Å"Deconstruction is, in itself, a positive response to an alterity which necessarily calls, summons or motivates it. Deconstruction is therefore vocation – a response to a call† (Derrida 1984,118). Derrida claims that the character of deconstruction is not solely positive, that is not merely an assertion of what already exists and is known, but that it is an assertion of what is wholly other (tout autre) (Derrida 1992, 27). Derrida claims that difference is not something that can appear in logocentric discourse: â€Å"differance is not,† Derrida explains, â€Å"preceded by the originary and indivisible unity of a present possibility that I could reserve†¦. What defers presence, on the contrary, is the very basis on which presence is announced or desired in what represents it, its sign, its trace†¦. Differance is â€Å"that which produces different things, that which differentiates, is the common root of all the oppositional concepts that mark our language†¦ † (Positions, 89). Differance is neither structure nor origin, â€Å"such an alternative itself being an ‘effect’ of differance. † Even so, studying the operations of differance requires that the writer use such concepts as structure and origin and â€Å"borrow the syntaxic and lexical resources of the language of metaphysics† even if the writer wishes to deconstruct this language ( Positions, pp. -10). Derrida indicates that differance is not an origin. Neither language nor writing springs in differance. Instead, Derrida says, differance allows the play of absence and presence, writing and thought, structure and force by means of which the question of origin comes to know itself. Saussure and Derrida Exactly at this point one is faced with one of the most problematic though fascinating dimensions of Derrida’s theory. The problem, stated above, is that, as soon as it is recognized that there are no simple, unsignified, transcendental signifiers that fix and warrant the meaning of the words, that there exist no originals to which the words can be attributed, one comes to conditions where even this acknowledgement itself seems to have become â€Å"floating† (May 125). Derrida resolves this difficult situation with the help of above discussed theory of signs and of language developed by Ferdinand de Saussure. Despite the idea that language is in a fundamental way a naming process, attaching words to things, Saussure had claimed that language is a system, or a structure. In the structure any individual element is meaningless outside the boundaries of that structure. In language, he asserts, there are only differences. But – and here the ideas of Saussure are basic for Derrida’s deconstruction of the metaphysics of presence – these differences are not differences between positive terms, that is between terms that in and by themselves are connected with objects or things outside the system. Accordingly, in language, Saussure indicates, there are only differences without positive terms (May 127). But if this is true, if there are no positive terms, then it means that one can no longer define the differential position of language itself by means of a positive term either. Difference without positive terms indicates that this dimension must itself always be left unperceived for, roughly speaking, it is unconceptualizable. It is a difference that cannot be returned into the order of the same and, through a signifier, given individual characteristics. This suggests, then, that â€Å"the play of difference, which, as Saussure reminded us, is the condition for the possibility and functioning of every sign, is in itself a silent play† (Derrida 1982, 5). If, however, one wants to articulate that – one must first of all admit that there can never be a word or a concept to correspond to this silent play. One must also admit that this play cannot merely be exposed, for â€Å"one can expose only that which at a certain moment can become present† (Derrida 1982, 5). And one must ultimately admit that there is nowhere to begin, â€Å"for what is put into question is precisely the quest for a rightful beginning, an absolute point of departure† (Derrida 1982, 6). All this, and more, is acknowledged in the new â€Å"word† or â€Å"concept† – â€Å"which is neither a word nor a concept† (Derrida 1982:7) but a â€Å"neographism† (Derrida 1982:13) – of differance. The motive why Derrida uses â€Å"what is written as difference† (Derrida 1982, 11) is not difficult to understand. For although â€Å"the play of difference† (Derrida 1982, 11) is introduced as something for the opportunity of all conceptuality, one should not make the mistaken opinion to think that one has finally discovered the real origin of conceptuality. That, expressing the same idea but differently, this play is a playful but despite that transcendental signified. Strictly speaking, in order to avoid this mistake one must acknowledge that the differences that make up the play of difference â€Å"are themselves effects† (Derrida 1982:11, original emphasis). As Derrida claims, What is written as differance, then, will be the playing movement that â€Å"produces† – by means of something that is not simply an activity – these differences, these effects of difference. This does not mean that the differance that produces differences is somehow before them, in a simple and unmodified – in-different – present. Differance is the non-full, non-simple, structured and differentiating origin of differences. Thus, the name â€Å"origin† no longer suits. (Derrida 1982, 11) Although differance is straightforwardly connected with a structuralist idea of meaning – that Derrida recognizes when he indicates that he sees no reason to question the truth of what Saussure proposes (Derrida 1976, 39), there is one important aspect in which differance is outside the scope of structuralism. The point here is that Derrida clearly refuses to accept the primary character of structure itself. Structure is not a transcendental represented (for which reason Derrida notes that he does not want to question the truth of what Saussure proposes â€Å"on the level on which he says it [original emphasis] â€Å"but does want to question the logocentric way in which Saussure says it (Derrida 1976, 39). Structure is even less the effect of an original presence coming before and causing it (Derrida 1978, 278-9). What differance tries to express is the differential character of the â€Å"origin† of structure itself. It is in this relation that one might observe that Derrida’s writing is poststructural. To some degree, surely, differance appears when Saussure’s examination of how language operates. â€Å"In language,† Saussure indicates, â€Å"there are only differences. Even more important: a difference generally implies positive terms between which the difference is set up; but in language there are only differences without positive terms† (Positions, 120). Derrida’s differance in an obvious manner is like Saussure’s differences. At the end of Positions, for instance, Derrida specifies â€Å"as differance the movement according to which language, or any other code, any system of reference in general, is constituted ‘historically’ as a tissue of differences† (Positions, 104). But Derrida makes an effort to go further. Whereas Saussure considers the differences in a semiotic system as the set of constantly changing relationships the speaker manipulates in order to produce meaning, Derrida defines differance as the boundless disappearance of either an origin of or a final place for meaning. When Derrida describes differance, he always does so by examining what it is not. Rather than considering language in the traditional way, as a set of external signs of already farmed internal thoughts (characteristic of â€Å"logocentrism†), Derrida, like Saussure and modern linguistics, thinks of users of language producing coded, that is, repeatable, marks or traces that originate from within certain unities of meaning as â€Å"effects† of the code. These traces are not fundamentally meaningful in themselves but â€Å"arbitrary† and â€Å"conventional† (Menke 96). Thus there is no difference whether one says â€Å"rex,† â€Å"rol,† or â€Å"king† so long as â€Å"we† – those who share these conventions – can tell the difference between rex and lex, roi and loi, and king and sing (Menke 96). The meaning – is a process of the difference, of the distance or the â€Å"spacing† between the traces, what is called, in an absolutely serious way, the â€Å"play† of differences or traces. By the â€Å"play of differences† Derrida defines the differential spacing, the recognized distance, the recognized (heard, seen) intervals between traces first analyzed in structural linguistics (Menke 97). Conclusion A comprehensive historical examination of deconstruction would necessarily include numerous precursors and forerunners: Freud, Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl, Lacan, Levi-Strauss, Marx, Nietzsche, Saussure. . . . However, it can be said that the history of contemporary deconstruction begins with Jacques Derrida De la grammatologie (1967) that opens with a critique of Saussure. Saussure’s theory of language is here framed within a metaphysical system that extends from Plato and Aristotle to Heidegger and Levi-Strauss. By Derrida this theory is called â€Å"logocentric. † Saussure marks a concluding stage of the long logocentric epoch. Derrida indicates that logocentrism imposed itself upon the world and controlled the theory of language. Derrida’s contributions laid ground for future epoch. In the role of prophet, Derrida concludes his â€Å"Exergue† indicating: â€Å"The future can only be anticipated in the form of an absolute danger. It is that which breaks absolutely with constituted normality and can only be proclaimed, presented, as a sort of monstrosity. For that future world and for that within it which will have put into question the values of sign, word, and writing, for that which guides our future anterior, there is as yet no exergue† (Derrida 1967). How to cite Saussure and Derrida, Papers

Effects of Drug Abuse free essay sample

Drug abuse is a growing issue all over the world, and while the concentration on drug awareness has dramatically increased over the years, the number of families effected by drug use continues to rise at an alarming rate. Drugs are defined as â€Å": a substance that is used as a medicine: an illegal and often harmful substance (such as heroin, cocaine, LSD, or marijuana) that people take for pleasure. † (Merriam-Webster, n. d). People that abuse drugs and the effects of this abuse can happen to anyone, in any walk of life and it happens all over the world every day. Drug abuse has happened to a great deal of people regardless of social status, financial stability, gender, or race. Drug abuse has been in in all societies for ages and it seems that the number of people effected by drug abuse continues to grow more each day. More and more people are becoming addicted to drugs and more and more families are being effected. Just as we start to learn about a one type of drug, another one is created. Drugs are imported into countries, exported out, smuggled in and out and some drugs are made at home and could be the house right next door. Drug abuse not only effects the person abusing the drugs but the people around them as well. The effects of drug abuse has many layers and sometimes can be a vicious cycle that lasts for generations. I grew up as a child that was around drugs from the day I was born. There is not a time in my childhood that drugs were not involved at some point. I was around so many different things that I actually thought it was normal. As I got older I realized that it was not right, but it was what I had always known so I didn’t think it was a big deal. When I moved out of my mother’s house at the age of 15 it was then that I realized just how abnormal my childhood was. My mother abused heroin, cocaine, marijuana and alcohol throughout my childhood. When I was 11 years old I walked in on my mother shooting up heroin. That day was a very devastating day for me as a child, however it was a day I will never forget because that was when I set it in my mind that I would never touch drugs. When I was 26 my mother passed away due to the long-term abuse she caused her body. When I became a parent myself I held on to a great deal of anger against my mother for exposing me to the drugs, but I realized that I although my mother subjected me to many harmful things it gave me knowledge to know firsthand what drug abuse does to the person and their family. I have been tempted to try drugs many times but each time I would think about the hardships I went through due to drugs and have always stopped myself from even trying them. I have seen how using a drug recreationally can turn into a habit and I would never want to put my child through the things I was subjected to. The medical effects of drug abuse can damage the human mind and body. There are numerous effects on the human body regardless of the type of drug used or the way it is used. Sometimes, the effects are short term such as memory loss or nausea, however there can also be long term effects that could damage your body and/or ultimately lead to death. Alcohol, amphetamines, and marijuana all have tremendous side effects and they can all damage your body. Some of the health issues related to drug abuse include cancer, stroke, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, hepatitis and even HIV/AIDS. Some of the dangers of abuse can happen with high doses of drugs or prolonged use of the drugs, however these dangers as well as death can still happen in just one use. Drug abuse not only effects the body, but the mind as well. Some of the mental effects of drug abuse can cause long term changes in the brain that can cause depression, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations and anger issues. Drug addiction is a brain disease. Although initial drug use might be voluntary, drugs of abuse have been shown to alter gene expression and brain circuitry, which in turn affect human behavior. Once addiction develops, these brain changes interfere with an individual’s ability to make voluntary decisions, leading to compulsive drug craving, seeking and use. † (National Institute on Drug Abuse, n. d). There are many effects on society from drug abuse as well. Drug abuse effects the crime rate in many ways. With the number of drug users and drug distributors on the streets the use and distribution of illegal drugs causes huge crime problems. There is violence that comes from the lifestyle lead by those that sell the illegal drugs as well as from those that use the drugs. People that use illegal drugs are more likely to commit crimes and it is usual for many different offences including violent crimes. There are a large number of these offences that are committed my people using drugs or alcohol or ones that had used them previous to the offence. People that abuse the illegal drugs are often committing crimes like burglary and assault to get money to buy the drugs. This is an increasing problem in every society all over the world. According to Bureau Of Justice Statistics (n. d), and FBI Uniform Crime Report† (n.d), In 1973, there were 328,670 arrests reported by the FBIs Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) for drug law violations, out of a total 9,027,700 arrests nationwide for all offenses. Also that year, authorities reported 380,560 arrests for all violent crimes and 1,448,700 arrests for all property offenses. In 2012, the number of arrests for drug law violations rose to 1,552,432 out of a total 12,196,959 arrests nationwide for all offenses. Also in 2012, authorities reported 521,196 arrests for all violent crimes and 1,646,212 for all property offenses. Due to the number of children that are starting to use drugs, drug education is now more important than ever. â€Å"Adolescent Substance Abuse: Americas #1 Public Health Problem, † (2011) Teen users are at significantly higher risk of developing an addictive disorder compared to adults, and the earlier they began using, the higher their risk. Nine out of 10 people who meet the clinical criteria for substance use disorders involving nicotine, alcohol or other drugs began smoking, drinking or using other drugs before they turned 18. People who begin using any addictive substance before age 15 are six and a half times as likely to develop a substance use disorder as those who delay use until age 21 or older (28. 1 percent vs. 4. 3 percent). Drugs is an uncomfortable thing for parents to talk to their children about, but with the ease of access to drugs and alcohol it can make or break a child’s future. The age that children can access different types of drugs can start as early as 10 years old so drug awareness has to be started at an earlier age. Drug education has to start with the adults, parents and teachers. I feel that if this education were taught with more openness within adults then the effects of the education taught would affect layers of people. The effects of drug education would also trickle down through generations as well, just as the drug abuse itself effects families for generations. I feel that every person in all walks of life can relate to the effects of drug abuse on society in one way or another, almost everyone has had a loved one addicted to drugs or knows someone who has. I feel that awareness is the main key to decreasing the effects of drug abuse. I also feel that the awareness must be taught at an earlier age and without an age limit. People of all ages are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer and the effects of drug abuse can be endless. Drug abuse can affect the human body, human mind and can be fatal in many cases. Drug abuse can also affect the quality of life for the person abusing the drugs as well as the quality of life of loved ones. This battle is ongoing and must be fought restlessly to see results. This is a battle that society as a whole has to decide to fight in order for society as a whole to overcome.